余氯对水生生物的影响

氯是滨河、滨海企业冷却水常用的防治污损生物的处理剂。总结近年来国内外氯在企业冷却水中的应用、氯对浮游植物、浮游动物、贝类、鱼类等影响的研究成果,为制定冷却水余氯排放标准和水产养殖的合理布局提供了参考,针对我国大量滨海电厂即将建立的现状,分析了余氯研究在中国海域研究的不足,提出了氯对我国海洋生物影响不同层面的研究方向。认为氯对生物种群的毒性,氯对生物群落组成、结构和生态演替的影响,以及减轻或避免余氯污染的对策是需要进一步解决的科学问题。     

三江源地区生态系统服务功能与价值评估

采用谢高地分类系统和评估方法分析了三江源地区生态系统结构和服务功能,并对其价值进行了评估.结果表明:三江源地区生态系统服务功能总价值为3 377.1×108yuan·a-1.从生态系统类型来看,湿地、草地、森林、水体、荒漠和农田占其总价值的比例分别为52.91%、21.97%、15.23%、9.17%、0.67%和0.06%.从服务功能类型来看,主要是废物处理、水源涵养、气候调节、土壤形成与保护、生物多样性、娱乐文化、气体调节、原材料和食物生产.,分别占其总价值的23.9%、21.9%、19.1%、10.1%、8.7%、6.6%、6.4%、2.0%和1.3%.说明三江源地区生态系统具有多种服务功能,保护其生态系统结构和功能对中国江河中下游地区生态环境安全和区域可持续发展都具有重要意义.     

陆地生态系统磷素循环及其影响因素

 磷是生命系统的重要组成成分,其在生态系统内的迁移转化是生态系统结构和功能的决定性因素之一。近20年来,磷在陆地生态系统内的重要性受到越来越多的关注。该文总结了国内外磷循环研究的成果,从磷的来源、在土壤中的存在形态和固定特性、影响因素的复杂性等方面分析了磷素循环的特点;系统阐述了磷在陆地生态系统各库之间及其内部,主要是植被-土壤亚系统内的迁移转化规律及影响因素。陆地生态系统磷素循环主要是系统内部的生物化学循环,由植物自身的遗传特性和土壤的生物、理化性质共同控制,不同控制因素的相对重要性因生态系统类型、时间和空间尺度而异。文章简述了磷循环研究方法的发展及存在的局限性;另外,分析了干旱、半干旱地区磷循环研究的重要性和意义;干旱区生态系统的脆弱性及其植被、土壤特性决定了其磷素循环有其自身的特点及研究的必要性。最后指出了当前陆地生态系统磷循环研究的发展趋势。     

A conceptual model of climate-related effects on lake ecosystems

Climatic variation and change affect the dynamics of organisms and ecosystem processes. Many studies in the past have analyzed and discussed various climate-driven effects on different components of the lake ecosystem. Only a few synthesis papers have been published in this field. In this overview, a conceptual model has been developed to help explain why lakes respond individually to climate. The model consists of two main components, a so-called Landscape Filter comprising the features of geographical position, catchment characteristics and lake morphology, and a so-called Internal Lake Filter, comprising the features of lake history and biotic/abiotic interactions. The application of this conceptual model on published literature findings illustrates the strength in this encompassing perspective. An assessment of current climate research methods is presented with some perspectives given.     

陕北黄土高原土地利用变化对第一性生产生态服务功能价值的影响

土地是一切陆地生态系统的载体,人类的一切活动同样离不开土地,在人类改造和利用自然的过程中不可避免地要影响各类生态系统的状况进而影响到它们为人类所提供的服务与功能。而第一性生产服务功能是生态系统服务功能主要特征之一。本文在地理信息系统的支持下,利用陕北黄土高原3期土地利用数据,估算了土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化,结果表明,1996年区域NPP生态系统服务功能价值比1986年增加了1·17×108元;2001年生态服务功能价值比1986年增加了3·37×108元。因此,实施退耕还林、还草、遏制景观破碎化过程,合理控制城镇建设用地的扩展,是提高区域生态系统服务功能的有效途径。     

城市生态系统景观格局特征及形成机制

以城市生态系统的格局一过程一功能等相关概念的辨析为基础,重点分析了城市景观格局的基本特征,以及城市格局对生态系统过程和功能的影响。结果表明,高度人工化、高度的时空异质特性、破碎性、不稳定性是城市景观格局最为显著的特征。城市所在区域的自然环境条件,历史文化传统,城市格局的基本骨架——交通系统和城市职能是影响城市格局形成和演变的重要驱动因素。城市景观结构决定了其生态过程。综合研究城市景观格局-过程-功能的关系,认识城市的发展演变过程,可为城市规划、建设和管理提供重要的科学基础。     

淮南地区屋宇生态系粉螨群落组成和多样性研究

为了调查屋宇生态系中粉螨群落的物种组成和多样性,选取屋宇生态系中4种不同环境的灰尘进行粉螨采集、分类鉴定及数据分析。结果表明,44.9%标本发现粉螨,其中床面灰尘样本粉螨的阳性率为69%,地面灰尘粉螨的阳性率为52%,衣物灰尘粉螨的阳性率为32.5%和家具灰尘粉螨的阳性率为26%,检获粉螨14种,隶属于5科11属。多样性分析结果表明,4种环境的物种丰富度指数Rmargalef为0.400~1.170,Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)为1.574~2.480,Pielou指数(J)为0.967~0.978,说明温湿度及粉螨孳生食性对不同环境中粉螨群落的组成和多样性起直接限制作用,而人类干扰也是较为重要的影响因素。     

碳同位素技术在森林生态系统碳循环研究中的应用

碳同位素技术对碳素在生态系统中的迁移动态具有很好的示踪作用,在生态学各领域研究中应用广泛。土壤、大气、植物是森林生态系统的重要碳库,植物是大气和土壤交换碳元素的重要介质。本文简要总结了碳同位素技术在研究碳元素在植物体内以及植物、土壤、大气碳库之间的迁移规律和生态学过程中的应用,展望了该技术在森林界面学中的应用前景。     

Global Warming: A Consequence of Human Activities Rivaling Earth's Biogeochemical Processes

The planet is growing warmer because of a massive disruption in global biogeochemical cycles. We are burning our reserves of fossil fuels, which formed over a period of 300 million years, in the blink of an eye in geologic time. One manifestation of our addiction to fossil fuels is a dramatic change in the composition of the atmosphere and its radiative properties. Evidence is discussed in this commentary that human-induced global warming has already occurred, that powerful inertia is in place to cause future warming, and that humans and ecosystems are currently being affected. Stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide at 550 ppm within the next century will require a 70% cutback in emissions. Thus, a whole new system of powering our global economy is necessary.     

Balancing the Need to Develop Coastal Areas with the Desire for an Ecologically Functioning Coastal Environment: Is Net Ecosystem Improvement Possible?

The global human population is growing exponentially, close to a majority lives and works near the coast, and coastal commerce and development are critical to the economies of many nations. Hence, coastal areas will continue to be a major focus of development and economic activity. People desire the economic advantages provided by coastal development along with the fisheries and social commodities supported by estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Because of these facts, we view the challenge of balancing coastal development with enhancing nearshore marine and estuarine ecosystems (i.e., net ecosystem improvement) as the top priority for coastal researchers in this century. Our restoration research in Pacific Northwest estuaries and participation in nearshore project design and impact mitigation has largely dealt with these competing goals. To this end, we have applied conceptual models, comprehensive assessment methods, and principles of restoration ecology, conservation biology, and adaptive management to incorporate science into decisions about uses of estuarine systems. Case studies of Bainbridge Island and the Columbia River demonstrate the use of objective, defensible methods to prioritize tidally influenced shorelines and habitats (i.e., riparian forests, marshes, unvegetated flats, rocky shores, seagrass meadows, kelp forests) for preservation, conservation, and restoration. Case studies of Clinton, Washington, and Port Townsend, Washington, demonstrate the incorporation of an ecological perspective and technological solutions into design of overwater structures to minimize impacts on nearshore ecosystems. Adaptive management has allowed coastal development and restoration uncertainties to be better evaluated, with the information used to improve management decisions. Although unproven on a large scale, we think these kinds of methods can contribute to the net improvement of already degraded ecosystems. The ingredients include applied science to understand the issues, education, incentives, empirical data, cumulative impact analysis, and an effective adaptive management program. Because the option of net ecosystem improvement is often more costly than alternatives such as no net loss, commitment by the local or regional community to this approach is essential.